1. Text Segment (Code Segment):

• Contains the compiled code of the program.
• This segment is usually read-only to prevent accidental modification.
• It stores functions and executable instructions.

2. Data Segment:

• Initialized Data Segment: Stores global and static variables that are explicitly initialized by the programmer.
• Uninitialized Data Segment (BSS): Stores global and static variables that are not initialized by the programmer (defaulted to zero).

3. Heap Segment:

• Used for dynamic memory allocation.
• Memory is allocated using functions like malloc, calloc, realloc, and freed using free.
• Grows upwards as more memory is allocated.

4. Stack Segment:

• Used for function calls, local variables, and storing return addresses.
• Grows downwards as new functions are called.
• Each function call creates a stack frame containing its local variables and control information.

5. Command-line Arguments and Environment Variables:

• Stored in memory just before the stack segment.
• These are passed to the program at runtime and accessible via argc and argv parameters in main.